APOLOGIA
By Hendrik van der Breggen
March 25, 2020
About slippery slopes: A philosopher critiques a sociologist
By Hendrik van der Breggen
March 25, 2020
About slippery slopes: A philosopher critiques a sociologist
[This is a letter I sent this week to my local newspaper The Carillon.]
Dennis Hiebert's
recent letter (“MAID more complex,” Carillon,
March 12, page 7A) shows that he misunderstands the logic of slippery slope
arguments. His letter deals with medical assistance in dying; I will focus only
on his understanding of slippery slope arguments.
Before I provide
my reasons for thinking Dr. Hiebert misunderstands the logic of slippery slope
arguments, let me note that I have taught first-year university courses on
critical thinking (including at Providence University College, where Dr.
Hiebert teaches sociology) and I have studied critical thinking and logic at
the graduate level (I have a PhD in philosophy).
Dr. Hiebert
writes the following: “[A]ny first year university course on critical thinking
will explain why slippery slope arguments are logical fallacies. The slippery
slope fallacy is the erroneous belief that a particular position, if taken,
will set off a chain of events that will inevitably lead to an undesirable
outcome. As one kind of the larger category of fallacies of causation, it
constitutes failure to understand cause. Whenever we can refuse, resist, or
prevent B from occurring after A, then A cannot be said to produce B
inevitably, inalterably, or unequivocally. All slippery slope arguments also
involve the fallacy of hasty conclusion, because they fail to consider the
complexity of factors in causal chains. ”
Dr. Hiebert's understanding
of slippery slope arguments is problematic for (at least) three reasons.
First, Hiebert
assumes (in his first sentence) that all slippery slope arguments are logical
fallacies. The fact is, however, that this assumption is false. Some slippery
slope arguments are logically fallacious, but some are non-fallacious—they can
be reasonably strong.
Here is an
example of the slippery slope argument that is fallacious (it's slightly silly,
but helpful for illustration). A parent tells his daughter not to chew gum,
because if she does, she'll probably begin to smoke cigarettes, which will lead
to dancing, then drugs, then theft and murder, and then a lifetime in jail—so don't
chew gum.
Clearly, the causal connections between the events on this alleged slippery slope are dubious. Hiebert is correct that such an argument constitutes a failure to understand cause.
Significantly, however—and Hiebert misses this—not all slippery slope arguments are fallacious merely because they are slippery slope arguments. Consider the following non-fallacious slippery slope argument.
If I build a huge bonfire directly under the low hanging branches of a large dry dead tree in a dry dense forest (during a fire ban), there will probably be a domino effect—the bonfire will cause the low hanging branches to ignite, which will cause the tree to ignite, which will cause other trees to ignite, and so on—so I shouldn't build the bonfire.
Or consider this: If I slam on the car brakes and come to a sudden and complete stop on Highway 401 near Toronto during rush hour (the 401 has been referred to as “Canada's busiest highway”), there will probably be a domino effect resulting in perhaps hundreds of collisions—so I shouldn't slam on the brakes and come to a sudden and complete stop on the 401 during rush hour.
So some slippery slope arguments are fallacious, and some are non-fallacious. Careful thinking is required to discern the difference. A slippery slope argument isn't fallacious simply because it's a slippery slope argument, contrary to Dr. Hiebert's assumption.
Clearly, the causal connections between the events on this alleged slippery slope are dubious. Hiebert is correct that such an argument constitutes a failure to understand cause.
Significantly, however—and Hiebert misses this—not all slippery slope arguments are fallacious merely because they are slippery slope arguments. Consider the following non-fallacious slippery slope argument.
If I build a huge bonfire directly under the low hanging branches of a large dry dead tree in a dry dense forest (during a fire ban), there will probably be a domino effect—the bonfire will cause the low hanging branches to ignite, which will cause the tree to ignite, which will cause other trees to ignite, and so on—so I shouldn't build the bonfire.
Or consider this: If I slam on the car brakes and come to a sudden and complete stop on Highway 401 near Toronto during rush hour (the 401 has been referred to as “Canada's busiest highway”), there will probably be a domino effect resulting in perhaps hundreds of collisions—so I shouldn't slam on the brakes and come to a sudden and complete stop on the 401 during rush hour.
So some slippery slope arguments are fallacious, and some are non-fallacious. Careful thinking is required to discern the difference. A slippery slope argument isn't fallacious simply because it's a slippery slope argument, contrary to Dr. Hiebert's assumption.
Second, there
is a deeper problem that Hiebert misses. Some non-fallacious slippery slope
arguments are more complex than slippery slope arguments based merely on physical
causal connections, contrary to what Hiebert seems to think. Rather, they are
better understood as arising probabilistically out of connections of what may
be called a legal-logical sort.
Such
non-fallacious slippery slope arguments hinge on the notion that reasons for
one action sometimes also justify other actions that are unintended to be
justified by those reasons. (I get this insight from Paul Chamberlain's book Final Wishes: A Cautionary Tale on Death, Dignity,
and Physician-Assisted Suicide, which is a book I highly recommend. Dr.
Chamberlain is a philosopher at Trinity Western University.)
Here's a fun
fictional illustration that I used in my critical thinking courses (before my
retirement from Providence as a philosophy professor) which helps students
better understand the slippery slope at hand.
Let's say that (before my retirement) I approach my college president and propose that our school should make a policy of giving philosophy students the right to free tuition if they choose to accept it. My reason: philosophy students are people who must think very hard and aren’t guaranteed jobs after graduation. There would be a slippery slope here, for sure!
Once the rest of the student body heard about this policy, students would appeal to a principle of fairness (and would be motivated by greed perhaps) and would argue that all students should receive free tuition, not just philosophy students. Why? Because all students must think very hard and none are guaranteed jobs.
In other words, if thinking hard and having no guarantee of a job after graduation are accepted as sufficient grounds for a student to receive free tuition, then whether a student is taking anthropology, business, history, philosophy, psychology, sociology—or whatever—doesn’t make a relevant difference. The principle of fairness is fundamental, and the differences between academic disciplines, though real, are incidental. Fairness demands consistency.
Thus, if my college makes a policy (the “legal” bit of the legal-logical slippery slope) that gives philosophy students free tuition on the basis of hard thinking and lack of a job guarantee, then, in the name of fairness and consistency (the logical bit of the legal-logical slippery slope), the college should ensure that all students receive free tuition.
If my boss doesn't want to be unfair or inconsistent (and doesn't want our university to go broke), then he shouldn't give philosophy students the proposed deal.
Our lesson: The above non-fallacious, logical-legal slippery slope argument ensues because the reason behind my proposal justifies much more than intended. Alleged safeguards (e.g., philosophy students only) fail, because they are incidental—out-weighed by the major logical-legal principle that's been accepted.
Let's say that (before my retirement) I approach my college president and propose that our school should make a policy of giving philosophy students the right to free tuition if they choose to accept it. My reason: philosophy students are people who must think very hard and aren’t guaranteed jobs after graduation. There would be a slippery slope here, for sure!
Once the rest of the student body heard about this policy, students would appeal to a principle of fairness (and would be motivated by greed perhaps) and would argue that all students should receive free tuition, not just philosophy students. Why? Because all students must think very hard and none are guaranteed jobs.
In other words, if thinking hard and having no guarantee of a job after graduation are accepted as sufficient grounds for a student to receive free tuition, then whether a student is taking anthropology, business, history, philosophy, psychology, sociology—or whatever—doesn’t make a relevant difference. The principle of fairness is fundamental, and the differences between academic disciplines, though real, are incidental. Fairness demands consistency.
Thus, if my college makes a policy (the “legal” bit of the legal-logical slippery slope) that gives philosophy students free tuition on the basis of hard thinking and lack of a job guarantee, then, in the name of fairness and consistency (the logical bit of the legal-logical slippery slope), the college should ensure that all students receive free tuition.
If my boss doesn't want to be unfair or inconsistent (and doesn't want our university to go broke), then he shouldn't give philosophy students the proposed deal.
Our lesson: The above non-fallacious, logical-legal slippery slope argument ensues because the reason behind my proposal justifies much more than intended. Alleged safeguards (e.g., philosophy students only) fail, because they are incidental—out-weighed by the major logical-legal principle that's been accepted.
(In the context
of MAID/medical assistance in dying, the primary principle that a sufferer has
the right to end his/her life will also outweigh safeguards such as terminal
illness only, because suffering isn't limited to terminal illness. The alleged
right to end one's life because of suffering justifies not only the situation
of the terminally ill, but also those situations of the elderly, the disabled,
the parent suffering the loss of a child, the person suffering chronic back
pain, the depressed teenager, the person suffering existential despair/
meaninglessness/ feelings of being a burden, etc.)
Third, in view
of my previous two reasons it's simply not true, as Hiebert claims, that “All
slippery slope arguments also involve the fallacy of hasty conclusion, because
they fail to consider the complexity of factors in causal chains.”
Why? Because Dr.
Hiebert's understanding of slippery slope arguments fails to consider the
complexity of such arguments. Some, such as the legal-logical slippery slope,
do not commit the fallacy of hasty conclusion—they reasonably show that some
social policy changes make an outcome more probable. They add grease to the slope.
For additional
criticism of Hiebert's letter, I recommend Michael Zwaagstra's March 19 Carillon column, “Straight talk on
assisted suicide.”
For additional
criticism of MAID, please see my February 18 article available online at MercatorNet: “Putting
the pros and cons of euthanasia under the microscope: A Canadian philosopher
examines the euphemism of 'medical assistance in dying'.”
Hendrik van der Breggen is a retired philosophy professor
who lives in Steinbach, Manitoba, Canada.
For additional reading on slippery slopes by Hendrik van der Breggen:
- Slippery slope arguments (part 1)
- Slippery slope arguments (part 2)
- Physician-assisted suicide is a slippery slope
Additional writings on physician-assisted suicide by Hendrik van der Breggen:
- The image of God: Why life is worth defending against physician-assisted suicide
- On putting down pets and people
- Physician-assisted suicide: Look at pros AND cons
- Physician-assisted suicide is a slippery slope
- Are we ignoring a philosophical lesson from history?
- Physician-assisted suicide (interview with Christian Week)
- Doubting euthanasia
- Physician-assisted suicide
- Physician-assisted killing
- Resisting the culture of death
Articles on physician-assisted suicide by other authors:
- Ryan T. Anderson, “Always Care, Never Kill: How Physician-Assisted Suicide Endangers the Weak, Corrupts Medicine, Compromises the Family, and Violates Human Dignity and Equality”
- John Keown, “The euthanasia slippery slope is real”
- John Maher, “Why legalizing medically assisted dying for people with mental illness is misguided”
- Margaret A. Somerville, “Killing as Kindness: The Problem of Dealing with Suffering and Death in Secular Society”
Books on physician-assisted suicide by other authors:
Videos on physician-assisted suicide:
- The Euthanasia Deception (53 minute documentary)
- Fatal Flaws: Legalizing Assisted Death (3 minute trailer)
